This episode traces the continuous thread of Luddite resistance from the dawn of the Industrial Revolution straight through to the age of AI, noting how the term Luddite is often used today as a pejorative to dismiss critics of technological expansion. The movement began with 19th-century English cloth workers who mobilized against the horrific context created by industrial expansion. Following Parliament's enclosure of six million acres of commons, workers were forced into terrifying, unsafe cities to become "meat for the machines." The depravity was immense; for example, in Manchester, 57% of children under five died due to a mix of labor injuries and pollution, and the average lifespan for a laborer in Leeds was reduced to just over 18. Despite widespread hunger, many laborers refused factory work, preferring to starve to death rather than face the inhumane conditions.
The original Luddites—highly skilled artisans including croppers, shearers, and framework knits—began systematic frame breaking near Noddingham on the night of November 4, 1811. Their actions were a calculated tactic of "collective bargaining by riot" used after repeated failed attempts to secure relief, legal protections, and minimum wage bills from Parliament. The Luddites fundamentally resisted capital’s efforts to restructure social relations using technology as a vehicle. They selectively targeted specific stocking frames used to produce inferior goods known as "cutups" that undercut the entire market and destroyed the existing trade, viewing this use as "hurtful to commonality," rather than opposing all machinery.
The government responded with exceptional brutality, making machine breaking a capital offense in 1812 and deploying 14,400 troops—a force larger than the British contingent fighting Napoleon in Portugal at the time. Mass trials and hangings "broke the neck of Lutism as an organized movement," successfully establishing the "appropriate climate for business." Although they failed to achieve immediate material goals, their influence lived on in art, with supporters like Lord Byron and writers like Charles Dickens, who used fiction as a "forceful protest against the machine."
The episode concludes by examining the "Second and Third waves" of Luddite thinking, focusing on anxieties around computers, automation, and the proliferation of AI. Ultimately, this history illustrates a fluid fight against technological imperialism, suggesting that modern resistance must adopt context-sensitive strategies, such as unionizing labor against technology and advocating for policies that enable public ownership of AI infrastructure, to shape a more just future.
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Key Words:
Luddism, technopolitical resistance, First wave Luddism, Collective bargaining by riot, Resistance to Industrial Revolution, Luddite reputation, Frame breaking, Machine breaking capital offense 1812, 19th century English cloth workers, Enclosure of the commons, Nottingham Luddites, King Edward (Ned Lud), York Castle hangings 1813, Croppers, shearers, and framework knitters, Lord Byron Luddites, Charles Dickens forceful protest against the machine, Kirk Patrick Sale, Stocking frames, Cutups inferior goods, Hurtful to commonality, Appropriate technology, Industrial system "appropriate climate for business", Second wave Luddism, Epistemological Luddism, Third wave Luddism, Resistance to AI proliferation, Unionizing labor against technology, Public ownership of AI infrastructure, Technological imperialism
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